По поводу этнического состава "москвичей"
Думаю, кто ездит постоянно в метро, подтвердит гипотезу.
Для начала вводная, рекомендую внимательно прочесть, это важно, чтобы понять суть дела:
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Метаболизм этанола происходит с его преобразованием сначала в ацетальдегид и далее в связанную форму ацетата. Процесс этот обеспечивают ферменты алкогольдегидрогеназа и ацетальдегиддегидрогеназа. «Быстрая» изоформа алкогольдегидрогеназы в 90 раз превышает эффективность "медленной" формы в переработке этанола в ацетальдегид. А это обуславливает медленный рост содержания алкоголя в крови и, как результат, человек почти не пьянеет, меньше привыкает к алкоголю. При этом образуется больше ацетальдегида, отравляющего организм. Так, что никакой личностной героической заслуги в спиртодозоустойчивости некоторых наших соотечественников нет. Банальная генетика!
С другой стороны, в случае «активной» изоформы ацетальдегиддегидрогеназы (фермента, выполняющего катализ ацетальдегида в ацетат) образующийся альдегид разрушается быстро, а у обладателей «неактивной» формы фермента это происходит очень медленно. В случае варианта: «быстрая» алкогольдегидрогеназа и «неактивная» ацетальдегиддегидрогеназа, даже небольшое количество этанола моментально превращается в альдегид, который накапливается и длительное время сохраняется в крови, вызывая быстрый и неприятный эффект похмелья. Этим людям алкоголь не доставляет удовольствия и среди них практически отсутствуют алкоголики. Поэтому значительно чаще после приема спиртного краснеет лицо у людей, менее склонных к алкоголизму.
«Неактивная» изоформа ацетальдегиддегидрогеназы - своего рода естественный защитный механизм от алкоголизма.
Наша родная проблема со спиртом состоит в том, что подавляющее большинство мужской субпопуляции России носители медленной изоформы алкогольдегидрогеназы. Носителей гена быстрой алкогольдегидрогеназы у нас 3-7%. У западноевропейцев этого гена нет вовсе. В этом отношении русские биохимически менее подвержены алкоголизму чем "европейцы".
Сенсационно то, что 41% москвичей по неясным причинам - обладатели быстрой изоформы алкогольдегидрогеназы.------------------------------------------
Ососбенно забавно вот это вот "по неясным причинам". Обтекаемо, да, не подкопаешься.
Дальше, прошу прощения, на аглицком, суть однако в двух словах такова:
эта изоформа гена присуща евреямAlcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004 Jan;28(1):10-4.
Alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphisms influence alcohol-elimination rates in a male Jewish population.
Neumark YD, Friedlander Y, Durst R, Leitersdorf E, Jaffe D, Ramchandani VA, O'Connor S, Carr LG, Li TK.
Source
Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel. yneumark@md2.huji.ac.il
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Genetic variation in the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzyme is associated with an aversion to alcohol and a lower risk of alcoholism among Asians. There is growing evidence of a functional role of the ADH2*2 allele in alcohol-drinking patterns among Jews, who have traditionally exhibited low rates of alcoholism and alcohol-related problems. The mechanism by which this allelic effect is mediated is not yet clearly understood. This study examined the effect of ADH2*2 on alcohol-elimination rates (AER) under experimental conditions.
METHODS:
Young adult male Jews (N = 109) received an intravenous alcohol infusion; metabolism was measured by using standard breath alcohol concentration tests. A clamping technique was used to achieve and maintain a target breath alcohol concentration of 50 mg/100 ml for a defined time period. The AER at steady state was calculated. The alcohol disappearance rate was also calculated from the descending limb slope. Polymerase chain reaction was used for allelic determination of the ADH2 and ADH3 loci.
RESULTS:
The mean AER among ADH2*2 carriers was significantly higher (8.09 +/- 1.4 g/hr) than among ADH2*1 homozygotes (7.14 +/- 1.5 g/hr; p = 0.003). Significance was retained on adjustment for potential confounding covariates. The ADH2 allele explains 8.5% of the AER variance in this population. Little AER difference was observed across ADH3 genotype groups. The slope of the descending limb increased with increasing copies of the ADH2*2 allele.
CONCLUSIONS:
The rate of alcohol elimination is significantly associated with the ADH2 genotype of Jewish males. Evidence for variation in alcohol metabolism across ADH genotypic groups provides support for the role of physiologic protective factors in alcohol drinking and suggests that reduced drinking among Jews may be genetically as well as environmentally determined. We believe that application of the novel "Indiana clamp" enhances AER measurement accuracy, allowing for detection of hitherto undetectable differences.
J Stud Alcohol. 1998 Mar;59(2):133-9.
Association of the ADH2*2 allele with reduced ethanol consumption in Jewish men in Israel: a pilot study.
Neumark YD, Friedlander Y, Thomasson HR, Li TK.
Source
Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
This study provides preliminary evidence on the associations between alcohol consumption patterns and polymorphisms of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzymes in a Jewish population.
METHOD:
Two groups of Jewish men were studied--one group (n = 92) representative of the free-living population of Jerusalem and generally light consumers of ethanol and the other group (n = 53) composed of treatment-enrolled heroin dependent individuals in the same city, most with a history of heavy daily drinking. All participants were interviewed regarding sociodemographic background, present and past alcohol consumption patterns, and familial characteristics including alcohol problems among first-degree relatives. Polymorphisms of the ADH2, ADH3 and ALDH loci were determined for all participants.
RESULTS:
The less common allele of the ADH2 locus (ADH2*2 allele frequency approximately 20% in Ashkenazic and non-Ashkenazic members of both groups) was related to a reduced mean level of peak weekly alcohol intake in the two groups. In multiple regression models adjusting for family history of alcohol problems and other factors, the ADH2*2 allele accounted for 20% and 30% of the explained alcohol intake variance in these two groups, respectively. Results from a logistic regression indicated that the ADH2*2 allele was also related to infrequent drinking in both groups. Evidence for an independent association between the ADH3 polymorphism and alcohol consumption patterns was not found. The ALDH gene was not polymorphic in this population.
CONCLUSIONS:
This report describes for the first time an association between alcohol consumption patterns and a polymorphism at the ADH2 locus in a Jewish population. The relatively high frequency of the ADH2*2 allele may contribute to the seemingly lower levels of alcohol consumption and heightened sensitivity to alcohol observed among Jews.
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Резюме статьи:
Addict Biol. 2001 Sep;6(4):377-383.
Alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2-1 and ADH2-2 allelic isoforms in the Russian population correlate with type of alcoholic disease.
Ogurtsov PP, Garmash IV, Miandina GI, Guschin AE, Itkes AV, Moiseev VS.
Source
Peoples Friendship University of Russia, School of Medicine, Moscow; Research Institute of Addictions, Department of Toxicology, Moscow, Russia.
Abstract
The frequency ADH2-2 allele in the Moscow urban population and a correlation between the ADH2-2 allele, alcoholic dependence without cirrhosis, symptomatic alcoholic cirrhosis and status on hepatitis B and C infection have been studied. One hundred and twenty-three inhabitants of Moscow (50 healthy donors, 36 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (subdivided into infected and uninfected by HBV and/or HCV) and 37 patients with alcoholic dependence) of a similar age/sex and drinking pattern have been analysed. The frequency of 41% for ADH2-2 allele is characteristic for an urban Moscow population. This value is intermediate between that found for Asian peoples and for Central and Western Europe. There is a negative correlation between the ADH2-2 allele and alcohol misuse (both alcoholic dependence and alcoholic cirrhosis). This correlation is expressed more in alcoholic dependence. In spite of the possession of the ADH2-2 allele (or genotype ADH2-1/2), alcohol misuse increases the risk of cirrhosis. At the same time, positive status for active hepatitis B, C or combined infection B + C (replication markers HBV-DNA or HCV-RNA) increases the risk for symptomatic alcoholic cirrhosis in alcohol abusing patients, independently of ADH2 genotype.
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41% - 7% = 34% ТРЕТЬ!!!!
Вот и весь йух до копейки, почему же в России не слишком жалуют т.н. "москвичей". А дело просто: в Москве слишком много чужаков, и они оказывают слишком большое влияние как на других москвичей, так и на жизнь страны в целом. Как относятся евреи к русским и России, в общем-то известно. Россия и русские отвечают им тем же.
Это сообщение отредактировал Кесарь - 20.05.2015 - 20:03
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